Which LOAC principle requires that force used is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military objective?

• A. Distinction
• B. Necessity
• C. Proportionality
• D. Humanity

Answer: (C)

Proportionality in LOAC requires that the force used in an attack is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military objective. In practice, this means you weigh the expected incidental harm to civilians and civilian objects against the anticipated military gain. If the harm would be disproportionate to the objective, the attack would be unlawful—even if the target is legitimate—because the damage would exceed what is necessary to achieve the objective.

This is a balancing test that depends on the context: the nature of the target, the military importance of destroying it, and the likely civilian impact and collateral damage. For example, destroying a military facility near a hospital could be disproportionate if civilian casualties would be excessive relative to the military objective.

Distinction focuses on targeting only military objectives and avoiding civilians. Necessity requires that force used is necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective. Humanity prohibits means that cause unnecessary suffering. Proportionality specifically ensures the relation between the expected collateral damage and the military objective remains within reasonable bounds.